Tattooing has recently gained a lot of attention. The art of modifying the body using different pigmentated materials involves close and sometimes prolonged interactions between the tattoo makers and their client's skin. The process of tattooing exposes artists to the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.
Data from the American Association of Professional Piercers (APP) shows that adherence to universal precautions and proper sterilization procedures has reduced the risk of bloodborne pathogen transmission in the body art industry by up to 95%. Moreover, in the United States, tattoo artists are among those considered at higher risk for bloodborne pathogen exposure, with nearly 3,000 cases of HIV being occupationally acquired since 1985, according to the CDC. Hence, it's essential to know about the risks and adopt precautionary measures to avoid harmful health hazards.
How Tattoo Artists Are Exposed To Bloodborne Pathogens
Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) are microorganisms that are found in human blood. These microorganisms can cause life-threatening diseases like Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis B (HBV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Any person who comes in contact with an affected patient's bodily fluids (semen, or vaginal), saliva, or blood tissues get prone to be affected having serious health risks.
Tattooing involves a delicate work of art using sharp needles that go beneath the skin's surface to deliver ink. It can very likely expose the artists to human fluid and blood tissues. The common risks stem from needlestick injuries, contaminated studio equipment, and potential contact with clients' fluids. Tattoo artists must ensure safe practice and stay vigilant about the common hazards associated with the equipment and tattooing process. They should opt for Bloodborne pathogens training to keep themselves safe and healthy.
Common Bloodborne Pathogens in Tattoo Studios
A tattoo artist can get several BBP infections at work, and some of the most common ones include HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), HBV (Hepatitis B Virus), and HCV (Hepatitis C Virus). In our bloodborne pathogens guide for tattoo artists, you can find how each infection affects your body and spreads its virus.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the easy-to-spread Bloodborne pathogens in the tattooing industry. During the tattooing process, if the artist gets exposed to needlestick injuries, the contaminated blood can spread the HIV infection to the artist. There are two stages of HIV involved - Acute HIV and Chronic HIV. The initial stage is Acute HIV, which becomes evident within 2 to 4 weeks of exposure to BBP. During this stage, the infection weakens the immunity system. Chronic HIV is the last stage, which is called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). In this stage, the HIV infection affects the CD4 cells, lowering the cell count.
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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) affects the liver and causes liver diseases. It is transmitted through contact with blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids. It's a contagious virus and survives outside the body for an extended period. It can stay active on syringes, tattooing equipment, and even on materials present in the studio. The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) can weaken a person's immunity. According to OSHA, it's important to follow safety policies and regulations to avoid exposure to such harmful diseases.
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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is easily transmitted by sharing needles or using unsterilized equipment in the tattoo studio. The symptoms of the virus appear very late, but it slowly weakens the human liver and makes the illness chronic. Chronic HCV causes liver inflammation, leading to scarring (fibrosis) over time. Another potential outcome is Liver cancer, which has a higher rate of fatalities.
Necessary Precautionary Measures for the Tattoo Artist
It's important to adopt strict precautionary measures to stay safe at work. Here are some of the bloodborne pathogens prevention tips for tattoo artists. They must adopt the following practices to protect themselves and their clients from the risk of getting exposed to Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP).
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment is the critical barrier against BBP. Use the right PPE to avoid exposure to blood or other bodily fluids during the tattoo-making process. The first thing to get your hands on is the gloves. Use non-latex gloves to avoid any skin allergies, and use a new set of gloves every time you attend to a new customer. Secondly, go for face masks or shields, as your face will stay protected from inhaling airborne pathogens. Goggles and protective clothing can help stay away from infection, too. Wear a long-sleeved shirt, keep tissues at hand to wipe off blood and fluids, and with goggles, you can prevent accidental exposure to blood and fluids.
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Safe Handling of Needles and Sharps
The use of needles in the tattooing process causes serious risks of injury and BBP exposure if they are not handled correctly. Here are some best practices to ensure safety. Do not re-use a needle. Always dispose of it. The single-use needles are safe and ensure complete safety for both the artists and the client. Secondly, dispose of materials in marked disposals. Never recap needles, as they can cause needlestick injuries. Lastly, ensure the safe handling of sharp tools. Do not work in haste or carelessness. Use trays and holders to keep your equipment and tools organized.
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Maintaining a Sterile Environment
It's necessary to ensure that your studio is completely sanitized and clean. Clean up all the work surfaces, from chairs to strays to holders. Use EPA disinfectants before beginning each session. Make sure that all your tools are sterilized after every use. Moreover, keep your hands sanitized and avoid unnecessary physical contact with clients.
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How To Manage Potential Exposures
Despite following all precautions in case of a potential exposure, rinse the affected part for several minutes. If you experience a needlestick injury, clean the area using alcohol pads and wash the injury with clean water. Seek medical attention promptly to determine whether PEP is required.
Conclusion
As fascinating as a tattoo looks, the process of making it can be hazardous for the health of both the customer and the artists. It's important for everyone to ensure safe tattooing practices and to stay aware of the possible infections and diseases one can exposed to during the tattoo-making session.
